QUALITY CONTROL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS - WET INSTRUMENTATION

1)      WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY?

       In UV-VIS, by passing the UV light through the analyte solution, Based on changes in electronic transition (electronic energy levels) of analyte we can determine conjugation present in the sample.

2) WHAT ARE BEER-LAMBERTSLAW? EXPLAIN?

 Beers law: Beer's law states that for a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation passing through homogeneous solutions of equal path length,

 The absorbance is proportional to the concentration. (A œ C)

Lamberts law: Lambert's law states that for a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation passing through homogeneous solutions of equal concentration,

The absorbance is proportional to the path length.  (A œ t)

By combining both laws

                         A œ Ct => a = ε ct (This is known as Beer lamberts law)

A is Absorbance, C is concentration, t is thickness and ε is molar extinction coefficient.

Beer lamberts law states that for a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation passing through homogeneous solutions then the absorbance is proportional to concentration and path length of the solution.

3) WHAT IS LIMIT OF STARY LIGHT? HOW TO MEASURE LIMIT OF STRAY LIGHT?

1.      Stray light is defined as detected light of any wavelength that is outside the    bandwidth of the selected wavelength.

2. To measure stray light, some kind of filter is required that absorbs all light of the wavelength at which the measurement is to be made and transmits higher and lower wavelengths.
3.  In practice such filters do not exist, so “cut-off” filters which transmit all light above or below a certain wavelength and block all light in the wavelength range.

Measure of Stray light:

# Stray light can measure by following material.

           Material                                Cut off                            Concentration

 NaNO2-Sodium Nitrite -----------------390 nm--------------------------   5% aqueous

 KI-Potassium Iodide -------------------- 260 nm -------------------------   1% aqueous

NaI-Sodium Iodide------------------------ 260 nm--------------------------   1% aqueous

Li2CO3-Lithium Carbonate -------------227 nm---------------------------   Saturated aqueous

NaCl-Sodium Chloride --------------------205 nm---------------------------   1% aqueous

KCl-Potassium Chloride ------------------200 nm---------------------------   1.2% aqueous 

☼Stray light is usually checked with a 1.2% potassium chloride solution, where the absorbance for 1 cm path length should exceed 2.0 at 200 nm against a water reference. (Absorbance more than 2 means % of Transmittance less than 1)

☼1.2% potassium chloride solution UV Cut off is 200 nm.It means that it should absorb all the light below 200 nm and transmit all the light above 200 nm.

a)      If we get absorbance of 1.2% KCl solution more than 2 (Transmittance less than 1.0%) then there is no stray light.

b)     b) If we get absorbance of 1.2% KCl solution less than 2 (Transmittance more than 1.0%) then that transmitted light is known as Stray light.

A = log₁₀ 100 / %T (or) A = 2 - log₁₀ %T 

4) WHICH PARAMETERS DO WE CHECK IN UV-VIS CALIBRATION?

1. Control of wavelength by HOLMIUM PERCHLORATE SOLUTON (Holmium oxide in perchloric acid)

2. Control of absorbance by POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (In 0.005M sulphuric acid)

3. Limit of stray light by POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION (In water)

4. Wavelength accuracy

5. Resolution by TOLUENE IN n-HEXANE.

6. Resolution power by TOLUENE IN METHANOL.

7. Absorption of corvettes (Cuvettes).

Why:

Why do we use holmium per chlorate in control of wavelength test?

Holmium per chlorate solution can give very sharp and accurate peaks at constant places throughout the UV-VIS region(At 241.15nm,287.15nm,361.5nm,536.3nm) and it is suggested by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) and Pharmacopeia.

Why do we use potassium dichromate in control of absorbance test?

Potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid can give more maxima in the UV-VIS region (At 235nm, 257nm, 313nm, 350nm, 430nm) so that we can check the whole UV-VIS region with a single run and it is suggested by NIST and Pharmacopeia.

Potassium dichromate itself is stable and available in high purity. In dilute perchloric acid solution, it has a linear response with temperature.

Why do we use potassium chloride in limit of stray light test?

The UV cut off for potassium chloride is 200 nm so it is neutral for UV-VIS region. Means It cannot absorb in UV-VIS region.

Why we use Toluene in hexane in resolution test?

Toluene can give one maxima at 269nm and minima at 266.These two are very close to each other if any small change in the resolution we can easily identify the absorbance differences. Hexane cannot absorb uv light and it is miscible with Toluene.

5) WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF IR SPECTROSCOPY?

                In IR, by passing the IR light through the analyte, based on changes in vibration & rotational movements of the atoms present in the sample we can determine functional groups present in the sample.

6)      WHY WE USE KBR FOR PELLET MAKING IN IR?

1. It does not absorb IR radiation in whole region (400-4000 cm-1). (RX does not absorb IR radiation).
2. Due to its high mechanical strength. (With very small amount of KBr we can make a very transparent pellet).
3. It does not react with the sample due to its neutral properties.
              NaCl (mostly for liquids), NaI, KCl can also use for IR pellet making.

7) WHAT IS THE THICKNESS OF POLYSTYRENE FILM USED FOR IR?

Thickness:

Generally we use 38 micron (0.038mm=0.04mm) thickness polystyrene film for FTIR calibration. There are some other micron thickness films also available (like 76 micron).

8)   WHAT IS THE UNITS OF WAVE NUMBER IN FTIR?

Units:

The units of wave number in FTIR are cm-1

9)      WHY WE USE POLYSTYRENE FILM FOR CALIBRATION OF FT-IR?

Polystyrene film for calibration:

☼In polystyrene film all bands executed which covers whole IR region. And the bands are at constant places with sharp intensities.

☼polystyrene film is made by the polymer of styrene. So it’s having highly durability and stabled at any temperature.

10) WHAT ARE THE ADAVNTAGES OF FTIR OVER IR?

Below are some of major advantages of FT-IR over dispersive IR.

1. Speed: All the measurements are made simultaneously most measurement are made by FTIR are made in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes as in dispersive.

2. Sensitivity: Sensitivity is dramatically improved in FTIR for many reasons. Detectors employed are much more sensitive. Sensitivity directly prepositional to number of scans, If number of scans increases sensitivity increases. Noise is low.

3. Mechanical Simplicity: The moving mirror in the interferometer is only continuously moving part in the instrument. Then there is very little possibility of mechanical breakdown.

4. Internally Calibrated: This instrument employs a helium-neon laser light as an internal wavelength calibration standard. FTIR instruments are self calibrating and never need to be calibration check by user.          

 These advantages along with several other make measurements made by FTIR extremely accurate and reproducible. Thus it is very reliable technique for positive identification of virtually any sample.The sensitivity benfits enables identification of even the smallest of contaminants.

11)  WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF POLARIMETER?

             By passing plane polarized light (moves in a single direction) through the sample, Based on the change in the direction of plane polarized light we can identify the optical isomers present in the sample. That means whether it is dextro or levo. If light rotates toward right we confirm it as Dextro and if to left we can confirm it as Levo.

     12)  WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPTICAL ROTATIONS & SPECIFIC                         ROTATION (or) SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION?

      Optical Rotation (OR): α

             It is the angle of rotation of a plane of polarized light when passed through an optically active substance.

·      It is measured by the instrument Polari meter and is denoted by α. 

      Specific optical Rotation (SOR): [α]             

           The specific rotation of a chemical compound [α] is defined as the observed optical rotation α when plane-polarized light is passed through a sample with a path length of 1 decimeter and a sample concentration of 1 gram per 1 milliliter.

·      It is measured from the optical rotation and is denoted by  [α].

                                                  [α] = 100α /cl

                               c = Concentration of sample in Gram/100 ml

                                                       l = Length of cell in dm (decimeter) (1dm=10 cm=100 mm)

     13) ON WHICH FACTORS OPTICAL ROTATIONS & SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION                DEPENDS?

   

       1.      The optical rotation depends upon: 

·      The type of sample (example: sugar solution).

·       Concentration of the optically active component(s).

·      The length of the sample tube.

·       The wavelength of the light source.

·       Temperature of the sample.

·      Solvent used for dilution.

       2. The specific optical rotation depends on

·         Type of sample

·          Wavelength of light source and

·          Temperature

But it does depend on, concentration of sample and cell length. That means
                  if we analyze a sample with different concentrations or different cell lengths under same conditions the OR valves change but SOR values are same.

     14)  WHY WE USE SUCROSE FOR POLARIMETER CALIBRATION? EXPLAIN MUTAROTATION?

1. It is a non mutarotating compound. (It has no isomeric forms to get mutarotation)
2. It is easily soluble in water up to 30% and soluble up to 50%.

Mutarotation:
                     The change in the specific rotation between isomeric forms of a compound is known as Mutarotation.

Explanation:
     D (+)-Glucose exists in two isomeric forms which undergo mutarotation.

a) Crystals of ordinary D(+)-Glucose of melting point 146°C are dissolved in water the specific rotation gradually drops from an initial +112 to +52.7.
b) Crystals of ordinary D(+)-Glucose of melting point 150°C (obtained by crystallization at temp 98°C) are dissolved in water the specific rotation gradually rises from an initial +19 to +52.7.

                      The form with higher positive rotation is called Alpha D (+)-Glucose. And with lower positive rotation is called Beta D (+)-Glucose .The change in the specific rotation of each of these is known as Mutarotation.

         15)     WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF KARL FISCHER TITRATION?

         In Karl Fischer titration one mole of iodine reacts with one mole water present in the sample and forms two moles of HI. Based on this reaction we can determine water present in the sample.
                          I2 + H2O ---> 2HI

ROH + SO₂ +R’N à[R’NH] SO₃R + H2O + I₂+ 2R’N à 2[R’NH] I + [R’NH] SO₄R

Mechanism:

Step 1:          3R’N+ SO2 + I2 + H2O à [R’N] SO3 + 2[R’NH] I

Step 2:              [R’N] SO3 + ROH à [R’NH] SO4R {R’N = Pyridine}

       16)     WHY WE USE DST FOR KF REAGENT STANDARDIZATION & KF APPARATUS CALIBRATION?

Standardization of KF reagent:

             Standardization of KF reagent means checking of concentration of KF reagent. As per Karl Fischer 5mg of water is neutralized by 1 ml of KF reagent (If the KF reagent is good).That’s why we get the KF factor around 5 mg of water/ml.
So we need a standard which contains following properties.
1. It must be a primary standard 
2. It should Contains a known & constant percent of water in it at room temperature.
3. Should dissolve in methanol easily.

Generally we use 
                                      Water - 100% of water   (For volumetric)
 Disodium Tartrate Dihydrate - 15.66% of water (For volumetric)
            Lactose Mono hydrate - 5.0% of water    (For Coulometric)

KF Apparatus Calibration:

               We use KF Apparatus for determination of water present in the sample. Calibration means to check the instrument whether it works properly or not. So any sample which contain constant amount of water in it can use for KF Apparatus calibration. Generally we use above mentioned samples (Mostly DST)

      17) WHY WE ARE USING EXCESS METHANOL IN KF TITRATION?

The reaction in KF titration is

3 Im +I2 + SO2 + H2O ------> 2 Im. HI + Im.SO3
Im.SO3 + CH3OH      --------> Im.(H)SO4CH3.
(Stochiometri of I2 & H2O is 1:1)

In the 2nd step if methanol is not present the reaction is like below.

 3 Im +I2 + SO2 + H2O ------> 2 Im. HI +  Im.SO3  (Im= Imidazole)
 Im.SO3 + H2O      -------->  Im.NH + SO4H
(Stochiometri of I2 & H2O is change from1:1 to 2:1)
During the titration, If Excess methanol is not present  Im.SO3 can react with H2O which varies the Stochiometri of H2O & I2 from 1:1 to 2:1.

Note:
1.The above mentioned is the most suitable reason. And some other benefits also there for methanol like it can dissolve most of the organic solvents, low cost & availability.

      18) WHY WE ARE USING IPA or PYRIDINE IN PLACE OF METHANOL IN THE DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT PRESENT IN CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY KARLFISCHER TITRATION?

    If we use methanol for carbonyl compounds, Methanol (Primary alcohol - Very reactive) reacts with carbonyl compounds and forms acetals, ketals and water.

    This means side reaction takes place.

  

  ☻If we use any secondary alcohol (less reactive than Primary alcohol) like IPA in place of Methanol we can easily stop the side reaction (Acetal or ketals with water formation) means IPA only reacts with water but not with carbonyl compounds.

  ☻We use this reaction for determination of water. But in above case water is produced in the reaction which leads to a wrong assumption.

  ☻ Pyridine also used in place of methanol.

    Note:

    1. We have the only choices of Alcohol (Primary, secondary & tertiary) and Basic buffers (like pyridine & Imidazole).Because karl fischer reagent is miscible with these two.

    2. Tertiary alcohol is very less reactive so it is not suitable. So the remaining choices are Primary & secondary alcohols and pyridine & Imidazole.

    19) WHY WE ARE USING SILICONE OIL IN MR APPARATUS?

Silicone oil is chosen for its ecofriendlyness by having below mention properties.

·         It cannot transfer electricity.

·         Non flammable and fire resistant.

·         Thermally stable in both cold and hot extremes·

·         No toxicity

• No odor and No taste

QUALITY CONTROL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS - WET CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

1) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATER CONTENT & LOD?

Water content:
           The amount of water present in the analyte in any form (including hydrated molecules)
Loss on drying:
          The amount of volatile substances present in the analyte (all volatile solvents present  including water).

Note:
In water content we determine only water. And in LOD we can determine water (except hydrated molecule) and organic volatile solvents present in the analyte.


2) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOD UNDER DRYING & LOD UNDER VACUUM?

Both are used for the same purpose of determining the percent of water & organic solvents present in the sample by vaporizing them.

LOD under Drying:
              In this we dry the sample at a temperature of more than the water boiling range. Generally we use 105°C because water boiling point is 100°C and most of the solvents have the boiling point lower than 100°C.
This method is suitable only when our sample melting point is more than 100°C.If our sample melting point is less than 100° we cannot determine the water or any solvents having the boiling point less than the drying temperature

LOD under Vacuum:
               If our sample has the lower melting range (less than 100°C) like 70°C (or) 85°C ...etc, We cannot vaporize the water or any solvent more than the drying temperature. In this case we use somewhat less temperature than the sample (If we use high temperature sample melts) for drying by applying proper vacuum to absorb the water or solvents present in the sample.

The main difference of both the methods is when sample have high melting range (more than 100°C) we can determine LOD by drying and when sample have low melting range (less than 100°C) we can determine LOD by drying under vacuum.

3) HOW TO PREPARE 0.0002 mg/ml SOLUTION.BY USING 100 ml VOLUMETRIC FLASK FOR STOCK, 25 ml FOR I st DILUTION AND 10 ml FOR SECOUND DILUTION? (Should take minimum 0.1 ml for dilution).

Stock:

Dissolve 100 mg sample in 100 ml

Ist dilution:

Take 0.5 ml of stock in 25 ml volumetric flask and dilute up to mark.

IInd dilution:

Take 0.1 ml of above Ist dilution in 10 ml v.f and dilute up to mark.

Calculation:

         = (100/100) (0.5/25) (0.1/10) mg/ml

         = 0.0002 mg/ml

4) HOW TO PREPARE 10ppm SOLUTION FROM 25% AMMONIA SOLUTION?

First convert ppm to % => 10 ppm = 0.001% (10/10000)

 Apply C1V1=C2V2 Formulae

(25) (V1) = (0.001) (100)

           V1 = 0.004 ml

So if we dilute 0.004 ml (4 µl) of 25% ammonia solution to 100 ml of water then we get 0.001%(10 ppm) solution.

Note:

1. If we have no syringe of 4µl how to dilute?

0.004ml to 100ml => 0.00004 ml to ml

Dilute 0.4ml to 100ml first and then 1ml to 100ml

(0.4/100)(1/100) = 0.00004ml to ml

5) WHAT IS PRIMARY STANDARD & SECONDARY STANDARD?

Primary standard:

           A standard which is capable to prepare a known concentration of solution by direct dissolving of a standard and diluting to an accurately known volume of volumetric flask is called primary standard.

Requirements of a Primary standard: 

1. It should be available in a pure form or in a state of known purity. In general total amount of impurities should not exceed 0.01 to 0.02%, and it should be possible to test for impurities by qualitative tests by known sensitivity.
2. The substance should be easy to dry and should not be hygroscopic that it takes up water during weighing and should not efflorescence that it spontaneously loses water molecule to the atmosphere. It should not lose weight on exposure to air.
3. Primary standards should have high equivalent weight in order to minimize the errors in weighing.
4. It is preferable that the acid or base be strong that is highly dissociated. However a weak acid or base may be employed as a primary standard with no great disadvantages.
5. It should be stable, non-toxic and eco-friendly.

Note:

            Eco-friendliness is environmentally friendly means it should not affect the surrounding                       environment.

Examples:

      1. Potassium hydrogen phalate (PHP) for standardization of aqueous base (Like NaOH) and HClO4 in CH3COOH solutions.
2. Na2CO3 for standardization of aqueous acids like HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 solutions (but not CH3COOH).  
3.  NaCl for standardization of AgNO3 solutions.
4. Zn powder, after being dissolved in H2S04 or HCl, for standardization of EDTA solutions.

      And also Arsenic trioxide, Periodate Benzoic acid, Potassium hydroxide, Potassium bromate, Sufanilic acid ....etc

Secondary standard:
           A solution standardized by titrating with a primary standard itself is a secondary standard

      Examples:
NaOH, HClO4, HCl, EDTA, AgNO3, H2SO4, HNO3 ....etc.

      6) WHAT ARE USP-1 AND USP-2 METHODS IN TAPPED DENSITY APPARATUS, EXPLAIN?

               Both used for the same purpose of determining the density of analyte. But these have the difference in tapping height and tapping count per minute.

USP-1:

     Tapping height = 14±2 mm

     Drops per min = 300 drops/min

USP-2:

     Tapping height = 3 (±10%) mm

     Drops per min = 250 drops/min

      7)WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BULK DENSITY AND TAPPED DENSITY?

      Bulk density:

               It is the ratio of mass an untapped powder sample to its volume, including contribution of interparticulate void volume. Hence it depends on both the density of powder sample and spatial arrangement of particles in the powder bed.

     Tapped density:

               It is the ratio of mass after specified tapping’s of a powder sample to its volume.

     8) CAN YOU EXPLAIN NON-AQUEOUS PERCHLORIC ACID TITRATION? (or)

     HOW PERCHLORIC ACID REACTS WITH ACETIC ACID IN PERCHLORIC ACID TITRATION?

                Generally we use non-aqueous titration for determination of weak bases. That is we dissolve our sample (weak base) in acetic acid and titrate with perchloric acid.

              As we all know perchloric acid is strongest acid and acetic acid is weak acid. As we start titration, in presence of a strongest perchloric acid weak acetic acid behaves like a base. That means

       In the first step, a proton (H⁺) is transferred from strongest perchloric acid to acetic acid (Which behaves like base). (Known as leveling effect)

HCLO₄ + CH₃COOH  à CH₃COOH²⁺ + CLO4^-

     When a weak base dissolved in acetic acid, the acetic acid exerts its leveling effect and enhances the basic properties of the weak base. So to titrate a solution of weak base in acetic acid with perchloric acid in acetic acid and obtained a sharp end point.

Let us take our weak base is C₅H₅N

CH₃COOH  + C₅H₅N  à C₅H₅NH⁺ + CH₃COO^-

CH₃COO^- + CH₃COOH²⁺ à 2 CH₃COOH

By adding above three equations

HCLO₄ + CH₃COOH  à CH₃COOH²⁺ + CLO4^-

CH₃COOH  + C5H5N  à C₅H₅NH⁺ + CH₃COO^-

CH₃COO^- + CH₃COOH²⁺ à 2 CH₃COOH

HCLO_{4 +} + C₅H₅N  à C₅H₅NH⁺ + CLO4^-

Note:

1.      In the first step acetic acid behaves as base and in the next step same acetic acid behaves as acid.

9) WHY WE USE ONLY SULPHURIC ACID BUT NOT NITRIC ACID or ANY OTHER IN SULPHATED ASH OR RESIDUE ON IGNITION TEST?

The purpose of this test is to determine the inorganic content in given sample. By adding H2SO4, we convert the inorganic to their sulphate derivatives in the given sample. The inorganic sulphates are very stable even at high temperatures up to 1000°c. So we can easily estimate the inorganic content present in the given sample by ignition.

If we use HNO3, inorganic converts to their nitrate derivatives and if we use HCL they convert to chloride derivatives which are not stable at high temperatures.

BELUM CAVES - Must see wonder

Belum caves second largest caves in southern region of Asia. Belum Caves are exactly located at Belum Village in Kolimigundla Mandal of Kurnool District (Rayala seema Area)  in State of Andhra Pradesh, India

It is a naturally formed by the constant flow of underground water. The caves reach its deepest point (150 feet from entrance level) at the point known as Pataalaganga. Belum Caves has a length of approximate 3229 metres, making it the second largest natural caves in India but still now no one know the exact length as no one dare to go beyond certain level due to lack of oxygen.

These caves were discovered in 1884 by a British surveyor Robert Bruce Foote. Thereafter in 1988, the state government of Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (APTDC) developed the caves as a tourist spot  in February 2002. Till day, 3.5 km of the cave has been successfully explored, though only 1.5 km is open to tourists. There are 16 different pathways, including the main entrance and there are deposits of Quartz in the caves. The caves are formed in Black Limestone.
The wonderful thing of this cave is the top of cave is using for cultivation which looks very greenery but under that there are big caves in side.

Must see parts of BELUM CAVE: 
pillidwaram
Kotilingalu Chamber
Patalaganga
Dhyan Mandir or Meditation Hall
Thousand Hoods
Banyan Tree Hall
Mandapam

Distance from major cities/towns

• 320 km from Bangalore
• 320 km from Hyderabad
• 420 km from Chennai
• 106 km from Kurnool
• 85 km from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh
• 165 km from Puttaparthi
• 68 km from Proddatur
• 30 km from Tadipatri
• 60 km from Nandyal
• 25 km from Banganapalle
• 34 km from koilkuntla
• 44 km from Jammalamadugu
• 135 km from Adoni
• 92km from Guntakal

USAGE OF 'USED TO' & 'GET USED TO'

 'USED TO'

It expresses the habitual action in the past
గతంలో అలవాటుగ క్రమం తప్పకుండ ఉన్న స్థితిని కాని చర్యని కాని తెలుపుతుంది.
यह अतीत में अभ्यस्त कार्रवाई को व्यक्त करता है

Ex:
a) They used to quarrel with each other.
     వాళ్ళు ఎప్పుడు పోట్లాడు కుంటు వుండే వారు.
वे आपस में झगड़ते थे

b) He used to play every day.
     అతను ప్రతిరోజు ఆడుతూ వుండేవాడు
     वह हर दिन खेलता था

c) She used to suspect her husband.
    ఆమె భర్తని అనుమానిస్తు వుండెది.
    वह अपने पति पर शक करती थी।

Be form + Used to:

Getting habited to somethingఓక విషయం కు అలవాటు పడటం 
किसी चीज का आदी होना(Anytime past, present and future)

Ex:
a) I am used to coffee in the morning.
     నాకు ప్రొద్దున కాఫి అలవాటు
       मुझे सुबह कॉफी पीने की आदत है।

b) They are used to working for low wages.
     వాళ్ళకు తక్కువ జీతానికి పనిచెయటం అలవాటు
       वे कम वेतन पर काम करने के आदी हैं।c) She is used to long walks/taking long walks in the morning.
    ఆమెకు ప్రొద్దునే ఎక్కువ దూరం నడుస్తు వెల్లటం అలవాటు
     वह सुबह में लंबी सैर / लंबी सैर करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।

Get Used to: 
  Newly habited
   క్రొత్తగా అలవాటు పడటం
   नया-नया आदी

Ex:

a) How long did it take for you to get used to the climate of Kashmir?

    కాశ్మీర్ వాతావరణం అలవాటు పడటానికి ఎంత కాలం పట్టింది మీకు?

     कश्मीर की जलवायु के अभ्यस्त होने में आपको कितना समय लगा?

b) People in government jobs find it difficult to get used to working in private organisations.
    ప్రభుత్వ సంస్థలలో పని చెసే వాల్లకు ప్రవైటు సంస్థలలొ పనికి అలవాటు         పడాలంటే కష్టంగా వుంటుంది
     कश्मीर के मौसम के अभ्यस्त होने में आपको कितना समय लगेगा?
Comparison:

Used to : (Only for past)
గతంలో అలవాటు 
अतीत में आदत

Be form + Used to : (past, present and future)
అలవాటు పడటం/ క్రొత్త కాదు
आदी / नया नहीं है

Get used to : (past, present and future)
క్రొత్తగా అలవాటు పడటం  
नया-नया आदी
    

ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Liberty = स्वतंत्रता= స్వేచ్ఛ, స్వాతంత్ర్యం
Equality = समानता = సమానత్వం
Fraternity = भाईचारा = సోదర భావం
Demoralize = नैतिक करना = ఆత్మస్దైర్యం దెబ్బ తీయటం
Humiliation = निरादर = అవమానం , పరాభవం
Be fed up with = साथ खिलाया जा = విసిగి పోవటం
Dilapidated = बर्बाद= శిధిలమైన
Up beat = उत्साहित = చాల ఉత్సాహంగా ఉండటం
Down beat = नीचे हरा =నిరుత్సాహంగా ఉండటం
Incessant =निरंतर =ఆగని, ఎడతెరిపి లేకుండ
Itching palm = रिश्वत लेने = లంచాలు తీసుకునే
Rock bottom prices = नीचे की कीमतों = కారు చౌక ధరలు
Strained relation = तनावपूर्ण संबंध = దెబ్బతిన్న సంబంధాలు
Blow the nose = नाक झटका =ముక్కు చీదటం
Running nose = चल नाक = కారే ముక్కు
Tickling = गुदगुदी = చక్కలి గింత
Chew =जुगल = నమలు
Gulp = घूंट= మింగటం
Amble = टहलना = తాపీగ నడచు

Bargain = सौदा = బేరం
Buzz off = बंद चर्चा = దొబ్బెయ్
Tidy up = संवारना = సర్దుట